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Every raw mineral and crystal that we select has been obtained using the most ethical and eco-friendly method available.
1.Are you a reseller (middle-man) or a first-hand trader?
A: First-hand trader for sure! Most of the high quality crystals are bought in raw form. Our crystal artisan will then shape the stone/crystal with sanding/polishing machine to perfection.
2.How long is the order preparation time frame after payment?
A:Pre-Order: 5-10 days after receipt of the partial payment. Ready Stock: 2-3 days after receipt of the full payment.
3.Do you offer after-sales service?
A: Definitely! Any problem with your order delivery or upon receipt of goods, please reach out to us as soon as possible. Damage shipment has to be reported within 48 hours so we can proceed to submit claim documents to the shipper.
4.Why I choose you instead of Alibaba？
A: most vendors on Alibaba try to screw you around with sweet prices but very over the top shipping.But we won’t do this，you will get free shipping on our website if you spend over $199USD. No hidden or any other extra charges and costs, At WHOLESALE-CRYSTAL.COM the price you see is the price you pay!
5. What are the payment options available?
A: We do accept Paypal or bank transfers.
6. What is the minimum order to qualify for free shipping?
A: Free shipping for orders $199USD and above (Including pre-orders)
7. How long is the delivery period? (excluding preparation time)?
A: We will mostly use DHL / FEDEX / UPS. With smooth transit, you will receive the goods in 7-12 days (subject to local custom delays).
8. Will you provide a tracking number after shipping?
A: Yes! Tracking number will be given to you via email after sending out the package. We will monitor your package to ensure smooth delivery.
9. Do you accept custom order?
A:Yes, we do, please message us to check on feasibility! We might have the necessary equipment to produce what you need.
Lanora –
PPD Test: Procedure, Results, And Accuracy In Tuberculosis Screening
Procedure
The PPD (Purified Protein Derivative) test is administered by intradermal
injection of 0.1 mL of a suspension containing 5 tuberculin units (TU).
The skin at the injection site may become hard, raised, or erythematous within 2–4 hours.
Results are read 48–72 hours later.
Results
A positive PPD reaction indicates exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens.
A negative result suggests no current active infection but does not rule out past exposure or latent TB
infection. Positive results should be confirmed with additional diagnostic
testing.
Accuracy
The PPD test has high specificity and sensitivity for
detecting active TB in most populations. Sensitivity is approximately 90-98%, while specificity is
about 97-99%. However, accuracy can vary based on population characteristics and the prevalence
of TB.
Conclusion
The PPD test is a cost-effective and reliable tool for initial TB screening in high-risk individuals.
It helps identify individuals who require further diagnostic evaluation for active or
latent TB infection.
# PPD Test: Procedure, Results, and Accuracy in Tuberculosis
Screening
## Introduction
The Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) test is a widely used tool in the fight against tuberculosis (TB).
It’s non-invasive, cost-effective, and has been a cornerstone in global TB control efforts.
This article delves into the procedure, results, accuracy, and significance of
the PPD test in identifying TB infections.
## What Is a Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) Test?
The PPD test, also known as the tuberculin skin test, involves injecting a small
amount of purified protein derivative from tuberculosis
bacteria into the surface of the skin. Over 48
to 72 hours, the immune system’s reaction to this injection is measured to determine
if TB exposure has occurred.
## Why Is a PPD Test Important?
The PPD test is crucial for identifying individuals
who have been exposed to TB bacteria. It’s particularly valuable in detecting latent TB infections (LTBI), which can progress to active disease over time.
Early detection through the PPD test allows for preventive measures,
such as medication, to be implemented, significantly reducing
the risk of TB transmission and disease progression.
## What Does a PPD Test Diagnose?
The PPD test is used to diagnose several forms of TB:
– **Active Tuberculosis (TB):** A positive result indicates
active infection.
– **Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI):** A positive result suggests exposure without active disease.
– **Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis:** Includes conditions like military, pleuritis, and miliary tuberculosis.
– **Tuberculosis Meningitis:** Inflammation of the brain caused
by TB bacteria.
– **Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis:** Identifies resistance to standard TB treatments.
– **HIV-Associated Tuberculosis:** A combination of HIV and TB infection.
– **Occupational Tuberculosis:** TB acquired through work-related exposure.
– **Pediatric Tuberculosis:** TB in children, which is particularly concerning due to their lower immune response.
## PPD Test: A Vital Tool for Tuberculosis Screening
The procedure involves three main stages: before the
test, during the test, and after the test.
### Before the Test
– The skin on the inside of the forearm is cleaned with alcohol and abraded to
ensure the injection site is clear.
– The healthcare provider administers the PPD solution just beneath the skin’s
surface.
### During the Test
– The injected area becomes slightly red or Swelling within a few
minutes. This is a normal reaction to the injection and not indicative
of TB exposure.
### After the Test
– The healthcare provider returns 48 to 72 hours later to read the test results.
They may press lightly on the injected area to check for induration (hardening) and measure its size.
## Understanding PPD Test Results
A positive result indicates that the individual’s immune system has reacted to the PPD,
suggesting exposure to TB bacteria. A negative result means no reaction was observed, implying no exposure or a lack of immune response.
### Negative Result
– No induration or other abnormal reactions are noted. This suggests either no TB
exposure or a false-negative result, though the latter is rare
under proper testing conditions.
### Positive Result
– Significant induration with a raised area indicates a
strong immune response to TB proteins, likely indicating latent or active TB infection.
## Discussing Results with Your Provider
Positive results require further evaluation, such as chest X-rays
and possibly a TB culture test, to confirm the diagnosis of
active TB. A negative result means continued monitoring for symptoms of
TB disease over time.
## Limitations and Risks of the PPD Test
While the PPD test is highly effective, it has some limitations:
– **False Positives:** Can occur in individuals with other
conditions causing similar immune responses, such as those who have received the BCG vaccine for TB prevention or those with certain chronic diseases.
– **False Negatives:** Rare but possible if the testing is not performed correctly or if the individual has a weakened immune
system.
– **Localized Reactions:** The injection site may become red, itchy,
or swollen, which can be uncomfortable but usually resolves quickly.
## Conclusion
The PPD test is a vital tool in TB screening and control efforts, enabling early detection of infections that can prevent progression to active disease.
While it has limitations, its widespread use ensures better health outcomes for individuals and communities.
Regular screening, especially for high-risk groups,
remains crucial in the ongoing battle against tuberculosis.
## Screen for TB Today
Don’t delay getting tested if you suspect TB exposure or have risk factors like
living with HIV or working in environments with high TB
transmission. Early detection can save lives and reduce the spread of
this preventable disease.
## Contact Us
For more information about the PPD test, prevention strategies, or
testing locations near you, contact your healthcare provider or local public health office.
Together, we can combat tuberculosis and promote global health.
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select all that apply. [Clark]